Andersson O, Schlembach D, Simeoni U, Nagy Bonnard L, Burleigh A, Locatelli A, Rabe H, Zimmermann LJI
Click on the image to read the standard in brief.
Target group
Term infants (≥37 weeks), parents, and families
User group
Healthcare professionals, perinatal units, hospitals and health services
Statement of standard
In vigorous vaginally born term infants, management of the umbilical cord includes waiting before clamping and cutting the cord for at least three minutes or until the cord is pale and collapsed. For vigorous term infants born by caesarean section a one-minute wait is adhered to before clamping and cutting the umbilical cord.
Rationale
Following birth of term babies, approximately 30% of their blood volume is still circulating through the placenta. (1) After birth a number of changes takes place in order for a baby to adapt to extra-uterine life including aeration of the lungs, and in connection to this, the establishment of a full pulmonary circulation. (2) If the umbilical cord is left intact for more than three minutes, oxygenation of the blood is improved and a majority of the blood earlier circulating through the placenta will be redistributed to the baby’s body, resulting in a net blood transfusion of 25-30 ml/kg. (3) A more individualised, gentler, physiological transition could be achieved by keeping the umbilical cord intact and observing the infant until the cord is collapsed and pale. Research in term infants has shown short-term benefits such as earlier establishment of breathing, an improved Apgar score and reduced risk of neonatal anaemia. (4,5) Long-term benefits are manifold and include improved iron stores reduced risk for anaemia as well as improved neurodevelopmental and behavioural outcome. (4,6–9) There is no evidence to support routine immediate cord clamping, but there is evidence for apprehensiveness regarding harm from the intervention.
Benefits
Short-term benefits
Improved oxygenation, Apgar score and earlier establishment of regular breathing (5)
Improved transition of circulation with better blood pressure (10)
Increased haemoglobin concentrations after birth (4,11)
Provides no negative impact on the mother’s health (12,13)
Improved iron stores after delayed cord clamping for infants of HIV mothers with low viral load (11)
Improved haemoglobin and haematocrit during the first days after birth (13–15)
Long-term benefits
Improved iron stores and decreased iron deficiency at 2-8 months (4,7,16)
Reduced risk of anaemia at 8 and 12 months of life (7)
Improved myelinisation at 4 and 12 months of age (8,9)
Improved development at 12 months of age in low-resource settings (17)
Increased fine motor and social domain scores at 4 years of age, particularly for boys (6)
Improved long-term outcome if resuscitation with cord intact (18)
Components of the standard
Component
Grading of evidence
Indicator of meeting the standard
For parents and family
Parents are informed by healthcare professionals about keeping the umbilical cord intact initially, the benefits and practical management.
B (High quality)
Patient information sheet1
Parents are informed by healthcare professional about the role of cord clamping in cord blood banking.
B (High quality)
Clinical record
Cord clamping preferences of parents are reported in the birth plan.
B (High quality)
Clinical record
For healthcare professionals
A unit guideline on umbilical cord management is adhered to by all healthcare professionals.
B (High quality)
Guideline
Delayed cord clamping (DCC) for vaginal (3 minutes) and for caesarean birth (1 minute) are recommended. (19)
A (High quality)
Training documentation
Sessions to motivate the teams and update the evidence regarding cord clamping is promoted by a multidisciplinary team including leaders (midwives, obstetricians, paediatricians, neonatologists, nurses, and anaesthetist).
B (High quality)
Training documentation, healthcare professional feedback
Training on optimising neonatal transition and cord clamping technique, including neonatal stabilisation, sample for UA pH strategies with intact cord is adhered to by all professionals. (20)
Mode and timing of cord clamping are reported in medical records.
B (Moderate quality)
Clinical records
A protocol for cord clamping approach in special situations (asphyxia, sentinel events, twins, infection, immunisation etc.) is available. (20)
A (High quality)
Guideline
The best strategy of cord clamping for every neonate both in low- and high-risk pregnancies/deliveries is planned/ensured (individualised) by a multidisciplinary team (midwives, obstetricians, paediatricians, neonatologists, nurses, and anaesthetist according to the case).
B (Moderate quality)
Audit report2, clinical record, minutes of team meetings
For hospital
Training on umbilical cord management is ensured.
B (High quality)
Training documentation
The hospital’s policy regarding umbilical cord management is provided easily accessible at the official website.
B (High quality)
Training documentation
For health service
A national guideline on umbilical cord managementis available and regularly updated.
B (High quality)
Guideline
Local implementation tools such as teaching slides, leaflets, checklist at delivery are available to use for clinical services.
B (High quality)
Audit report2
1The indicator ‘patient information sheet’ is an example for written, detailed information, in which digital solutions are included, such as web-based systems, apps, brochures, information leaflets, and booklets.
2The indicator ‘audit report’ can also be defined as a benchmarking report.
Where to go
Further development
Grading of evidence
For parents and family
Parents are routinely educated by healthcare professionals about umbilical cord management.
B (High quality)
For maternity unit
Initiate documentation on timing of cord clamping at every delivery.
B (High quality)
Initiate projects on quality indicators to monitor and investigate outcomes of infants and mothers in relation to umbilical cord management. (22)
A (High quality)
Train and audit cord blood sampling practice on an unclamped cord.
B (High quality)
For perinatal unit
Audit the occurrence of jaundice, respiratory distress or need of resuscitation in correlation to timing of umbilical cord clamping and cutting.
A (High quality)
For hospital
Facilitate information, education and training to the complete perinatal team (midwives, nurses, obstetricians, neonatologists etc.) on umbilical cord management under different circumstances, such as caesarean delivery, maternal infection, and compromised babies.
C (High quality)
For health service
Monitor any health effects in national registries in relation to umbilical cord management.
B (High quality)
Supportand/or promotesound and evidence-based information to parents and healthcare professionals. (23,24)
A (High quality)
Facilitate research or initiate research on unexplored areas of umbilical cord management, such as infants to mothers with diabetes, twins, as well as management at caesarean section and compromised newborn infants. (19,20,25)
A (High quality)
Getting started
Initial steps
For parents and family
Parents are verbally informed by healthcare professionals about umbilical cord management at the antenatal care centres and at the delivery department.
For healthcare professionals
Document conversations with parents and family regarding cord management in the maternal notes.
Attend training and education on umbilical cord management.
For perinatal unit
Develop multidisciplinary guideline for optimal cord management at term deliveries.
For hospital
Support healthcare professionals to participate in training on umbilical cord management in low- and high-risk deliveries.
For health service
Develop and implement a national guideline on umbilical cord management with input by professional bodies.
Harvesting umbilical cord stem cells:
There is no current evidence to support the use of autologous umbilical cord blood. Umbilical cord blood collection should not alter obstetric or neonatal care or intrude on routine practice of delayed cord clamping (DCC) with possible exception to directed (sibling/family) donation. Parents should be adequately informed on the opposition between the placental transfusion and collecting blood for stem cell banking. (26)
Non-vigorous neonates:
Pilot studies on intact cord resuscitation (ICR) provide new and important information on the positive effects of sustained cord circulation during transition. Newborn infants had improved oxygenation and higher Apgar score, and negative consequences were not recorded. More research is needed to provide evidence of effects and safety before a general recommendation can be issued. If teams practise ICR, it is important to audit patient outcomes prospectively or be part of a study. In non-vigorous infants it is important to ensure that ventilation can be initiated within 60 seconds after birth.(27)
Hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice:
There are reports on an association between DCC and the risk of jaundice requiring phototherapy. Several large studies the last decade have refuted this, the same studies have not shown any elevated risk for clinically relevant polycythaemia. (28–31)
Blood sampling from the umbilical cord:
Umbilical cord blood for gas analysis can be drawn from the pulsating cord immediately after birth. (12,32) A recent meta-analysis found umbilical cord milking and DCC to be comparable in improving short-term haematological outcomes in vigorous term and late-preterm infants. (33) As the quality of evidence was low more research needed before a clear statement can be issued in this standard.
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September 2022 / 1st edition / next revision: 2025
