Healthcare professionals, neonatal units, hospitals, and health services
Statement of standard
Growth monitoring and assessment of nutritional status is performed using suitable equipment and appropriate growth charts in order to optimise nutritional support and outcomes.
Rationale
Preterm infants grow more slowly than age matched in-utero fetuses. (1) Slow growth is frequently due to poor macronutrient intakes (2), compounded by clinical complications, common neonatal morbidities, and poorly prioritised nutritional care. Patterns of early growth and nutrient intakes are strongly associated with long term metabolic and cognitive outcomes. Growth acceleration in the first three months in infants born at term may increase the risk of metabolic complications in later life. (3) There is no conclusive evidence that catch-up growth in preterm infants increases this risk, and in general the risks of poor growth are far more common and serious. (4) Clinical practice must be considered alongside the strong evidence of worse neuro-developmental or cognitive outcomes in infants who gain weight more slowly (5,6), or who receive lower nutrient intakes. (7–9)
Nutritional screening tools are widely used in other patient groups, but have not been widely used in preterm infants, although tools exist and deserve further evaluation. (10) All infants on NICUs should have regular measurement of weight and head circumference. All measures must be plotted on growth charts appropriate to the population. Measurement of linear (length) growth is more complex, and shows high inter-observer variability. (11) Whilst more detailed growth measures can be used, e.g. tibial length, mid-arm/mid-thigh circumference, their usefulness in routine practice has not been established. (11) Body composition appears to be important but cannot be easily measured routinely in clinical practice. In the longer term weight gain should be interpreted in the context of linear growth to ensure that growth is proportional i.e. attempt to avoid excess fat deposition.
Benefits
Short-term benefits
Optimised nutritional status (12)
Long-term benefits
Reduced risk of under- and over-nutrition (consensus)
Optimised long-term metabolic and cognitive outcomes (7)
Components of the standard
Component
Grading of evidence
Indicator of meeting the standard
For parents and family
Parents are informed and educated about normal patterns of growth in infants by healthcare professionals.
B (High quality)
Patient information sheet1*
For healthcare professionals
A unit guideline on infant nutrition, including growth measurements and assessment of feeding practices is adhered to by all healthcare professionals.
B (High quality)
Guideline
Training and education on how to weigh and measure, which growth charts to use and how measurements can be plotted and interpreted is attended by all responsible healthcare professionals.
B (High quality)
Training documentation
For neonatal unit
A unit guideline on infant nutrition, including growth measurements and assessment of feeding practices is available and regularly updated.
B (High quality)
Guideline
For hospital
Training on how to weigh and measure, which growth charts to use and how measurements can be plotted and interpreted is ensured.
B (High quality)
Training documentation
Appropriate calibrated equipment to measure infants (electronic scales, length boards, incubator length measures etc.) is available.
B (High quality)
Audit report2
For health service
A national guideline on growth measurements and assessment of feeding practices is available and regularly updated.
B (High quality)
Guideline
Appropriate growth references are agreed on and used.
A (Low quality)
Audit report2, guideline
1The indicator “patient information sheet” is an example for written, detailed information, in which digital solutions are included, such as web-based systems, apps, brochures, information leaflets, and booklets.
2The indicator “audit report” can also be defined as a benchmarking report.
*The TEG Nutrition very much supports the need of good communication with families and regular sharing of key information, but it is not in favour of sharing information on each standard by a “parent information sheet”, which is the term chosen by the Chair Committee. In our view, sharing multiple parent information sheets bears the risk of overloading families with a plethora of written information during a stressful time period, which may not be very helpful. We suggest to consider other means of sharing information.
Where to go
Further development
Grading of evidence
For parents and family
N/A
For healthcare professionals
N/A
For neonatal unit
N/A
For hospital
N/A
For health service
N/A
Getting started
Initial steps
For parents and family
Parents are verbally informed about normal patterns of growth in infants.
Parents are encouraged to seek medical advice from healthcare professionals in case of abnormal growth pattern or feeding problems.
For healthcare professionals
Attend training on appropriate growth measurements and how to monitor them.
For neonatal unit
Develop and implement a unit guideline on infant nutrition, including monitoring growth and feeding.
Develop information material about normal patterns of growth in infants for parents.
For hospital
Support healthcare professionals to participate in training on how to weigh and measure, which growth charts to use and how measurements can be plotted and interpreted.
For health service
Develop and implement a national guideline on growth measurements and assessment of feeding practices.
Establish the use of appropriate growth references.
Embleton DN, Cleminson DJ, Zalewski DS. What growth should we aim for in preterm neonates? Paediatr Child Health U K [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 May 15]; Available from: https://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/236544
Embleton NE, Pang N, Cooke RJ. Postnatal malnutrition and growth retardation: an inevitable consequence of current recommendations in preterm infants? Pediatrics. 2001 Feb;107(2):270–3.
Stettler N. Nature and strength of epidemiological evidence for origins of childhood and adulthood obesity in the first year of life. Int J Obes 2005. 2007 Jul;31(7):1035–43.
Ong KK, Kennedy K, Castañeda-Gutiérrez E, Forsyth S, Godfrey KM, Koletzko B, et al. Postnatal growth in preterm infants and later health outcomes: a systematic review. Acta Paediatr Oslo Nor 1992. 2015 Oct;104(10):974–86.
Ehrenkranz RA. Growth in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Influences Neurodevelopmental and Growth Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. PEDIATRICS. 2006 Apr 1;117(4):1253–61.
Rozé J-C, Darmaun D, Boquien C-Y, Flamant C, Picaud J-C, Savagner C, et al. The apparent breastfeeding paradox in very preterm infants: relationship between breast feeding, early weight gain and neurodevelopment based on results from two cohorts, EPIPAGE and LIFT. BMJ Open. 2012;2(2):e000834.
Stephens BE, Walden RV, Gargus RA, Tucker R, McKinley L, Mance M, et al. First-week protein and energy intakes are associated with 18-month developmental outcomes in extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2009 May;123(5):1337–43.
Eleni dit Trolli S, Kermorvant-Duchemin E, Huon C, Bremond-Gignac D, Lapillonne A. Early lipid supply and neurological development at one year in very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants. Early Hum Dev. 2012 Mar 1;88:S25–9.
Singhal A, Fewtrell M, Cole TJ, Lucas A. Low nutrient intake and early growth for later insulin resistance in adolescents born preterm. Lancet Lond Engl. 2003 Mar 29;361(9363):1089–97.
Johnson MJ, Pearson F, Emm A, Moyses HE, Leaf AA. Developing a new screening tool for nutritional risk in neonatal intensive care. Acta Paediatr Oslo Nor 1992. 2015 Feb;104(2):e90-93.
Embleton ND, Hyde MJ, Wood C. Assessment of short- and medium-term outcomes in preterm infants. In: Griffin IJ, editor. Perinatal Growth and Nutrition. CRC Press; 2014. p. 19–40.
Koletzko B, Poindexter B, Uauy R, editors. Nutritional care of preterm infants: scientific basis and practical guidelines. Basel: Karger; 2014. 314 p. (World review of nutrition and dietetics).
November 2018 / 1st edition / next revision: 2023
Recommended citation
EFCNI, Embleton N, Koletzko B et al., European Standards of Care for Newborn Health: Monitoring growth in the neonatal unit. 2018.
